- Concepts of Programming Languages

Statements and Expressions

Instructor:

Learning Objectives

What should be the basic building blocks of computations?

• Identify different ways of expressing computations
• Identify the difference between statement sequences and compound expressions

Is this Accepted Syntax?

def f (x: Int) : Int =
  var y: Int = 0
  if x!=0 then y=1 else y=2
  y
end f

int f (int x) {
  int y;
  if (x!=0) y=1; else y=2;
  return y;
}

Is this Accepted Syntax?

def f (x: Int) : Int =
  val y: Int = if x!=0 then 1 else 2
  y
end f

int f (int x) {
  int y = if (x!=0) 1 else 2;
  return y;
}

Is this Accepted Syntax?

def f (x: Int) : Int =
  var y: Int = (x!=0 ? 1 : 2)
  y
end f

int f (int x) {
  int y = x ? 1 : 2;
  return y;
}

Is this Accepted Syntax?

def f (x: Int) : Int =
  val y: Int = { 
    var xx = x
    var z=0 
    while (xx>0) do {xx=xx-1; z=z+1}
    z 
  }
  y
end f

int f (int x) {
  int y = {
    int xx=x; 
    int z=0; 
    while (xx>0) {xx--; z++;} 
    return z; 
  }
  return y;
}

Is this Accepted Syntax?

def g (x: Int) : Int =
  var xx = x
  var z = 0
  while xx>0 do { xx=xx-1; z=z+1 }
  z
end g
def f (x: Int) : Int = 
  val y = g(x)
  y
end f

int g (int x) {
  int xx=x;
  int z=0; 
  while (xx>0) { xx--; z++; } 
  return z;
}
int f (int x) { 
  int y = g(x);
  return y;
}

• Functions are in the expression language of Scala and C

Statements and Expressions

• Assembly language consists of statements

  mov eax, 5
  add eax, 6
  mov ebx, eax
  

• Expressions are a more abstract way of expressing computations

  5+6
  

• Many imperative PL distinguish statement language from expression language
• Functional languages tend to emphasize expressions (Scala has only expressions)

Pure vs Side-Effecting Expressions

• A mathematical function takes arguments and gives results

• An expression is pure if that is all it does
• Anything else is a side effect
  • Assignment to a variable
  • Change of control (goto)
  • I/O (console, network)
  • etc.

Expressions

• Literals (boolean, character, integer, string)
• Operators (arithmetic, bitwise, logical)
• Function calls

f (1 + 2 * "hello".length)

Scala does not have statements, everything is an expression!

Statements in C

• Expression statements (including assignment)

  printf("hello");
  ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^    expression
  ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^   statement
  

• Return statements

  return 1+x;
         ^^^    expression
  ^^^^^^^^^^^   statement
  

Statements in C

• Selection statements (if-then-else; switch-case)
• Iteration statements (while; do-while; for)

int count = 0;
while (1) {
  int ch = getchar();
  switch (ch) {
    case -1: return count;
    case 'a': count = count + 1;
    default: continue;
  }
}

Cannot use statements verbatim as part of expressions
Use functions to turn statements into expressions

Side-Effecting Expressions in C

class C {
  private int x = 0;
  private int y = 0;
  public int f(int z) {
    x = x-z;
    return x;
  }
  public int g() {
    y = y+5;
    return y;
  }
}
C c = new C();
c.f(c.g()); // same as x -= (y += 5)

Side-Effecting Expressions in C

int x = 1;
printf ("%d\n", ++x);   //
//

int x = 1;
printf ("%d\n", x++);   //
//

x = 1 + (y = 5);   //

int x = 1;
printf ("%d\n", (x = x + 1) + x);   //

Side-Effecting Expressions in C

int x = 1;
printf ("%d\n", ++x);   // pre increment, prints 2
// value of x is now 2

int x = 1;
printf ("%d\n", x++);   //
//

x = 1 + (y = 5);   //

int x = 1;
printf ("%d\n", (x = x + 1) + x);   //

Side-Effecting Expressions in C

int x = 1;
printf ("%d\n", ++x);   // pre increment, prints 2
// value of x is now 2

int x = 1;
printf ("%d\n", x++);   // post increment, prints 1
// value of x is now 2

x = 1 + (y = 5);   //

int x = 1;
printf ("%d\n", (x = x + 1) + x);   //

Side-Effecting Expressions in C

int x = 1;
printf ("%d\n", ++x);   // pre increment, prints 2
// value of x is now 2

int x = 1;
printf ("%d\n", x++);   // post increment, prints 1
// value of x is now 2

x = 1 + (y = 5);  // assigns 5 to y and 6 to x

int x = 1;
printf ("%d\n", (x = x + 1) + x);   //

Side-Effecting Expressions in C

int x = 1;
printf ("%d\n", ++x);   // pre increment, prints 2
// value of x is now 2

int x = 1;
printf ("%d\n", x++);   // post increment, prints 1
// value of x is now 2

x = 1 + (y = 5);  // assigns 5 to y and 6 to x

int x = 1;
printf ("%d\n", (x = x + 1) + x);   // no "sequence point", undefined!
                // in OOP often disguised: o.f() + o.g()

Sequencing in Expressions

Sequencing in C Expressions

int main () {
  int x = 5;
  x *= 2;
  printf ("%d\n", x);
}

int main () {
  int x = 5;
  printf ("%d\n", (x *= 2, x));
  // behavior defined because comma operator introduces sequence point
}

Summary